Heat exhaustion can occur when a person is exposed to high temperatures for a long period of time. Water loss occurs through perspiration (sweating) and can result in the loss of minerals and salt essential for the proper operation of body systems.

Symptoms include

• nausea
• headache
• dizziness, faintness
• excessive sweating
• muscle cramps
• pale, cool, clammy skin
• restlessness, weakness, fatique
• confusion, disorientation, fear, anxiety
• weak rapid pulse
• low blood pressure upon standing
• shallow rapid breathing
• cyanosis (blueness) of the lips and fingernails

To treat the victim

• remove from the hot environment to a cool shaded area
• if alert and nausea is not severe, give water to drink
• advise the victim to eat well to replace depleted body salt
• treat for shock by elevating lower limbs and resting
• obtain medical assistance if the level of consciousness is decreased or moderate to severe shock is a factor.

Heat stroke occurs when the body's cooling mechanism stops working. This is the next stage after heat exhaustion.  The body's core temperature rises and body organs are at risk of tissue damage. Convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) may occur. Those most at risk are young children and infants, the elderly, and cardiac patients.

Symptoms include

• fever
• hot dry skin, flushed face (sweating has ceased)
• nausea, vomiting
• strong pulse
• decreased level of consciousness (confused, disoriented, unconscious)
• seizures (convulsions)

To treat the victim

• contact emergency medical services for immediate assistance
• remove from the hot environment to a cool shaded area
• remove the outer layer of the victims clothing
• maintain an open airway and continuously assess the victim's breathing and pulse
• administer CPR if required
• cool the victim's body core (head, neck, chest, back, groin) by immersing in cool water, wrapping in wet sheets, or fanning
• treat for shock